A versatile annual legume crop with a dry land adaptation, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is grown all over the world. In order to consistently produce crops, seed germination and growth and development are critical components of seed structure and function. Because of its therapeutic, pharmacological, and nutraceutical qualities, fenugreek seed is utilised extensively. It's been shown to be useful in the management of hypercholesterolemia, thyroxine-induced hyperglycemia and diabetes. This review centres on the physiological processes of fenugreek seeds, encompassing significant biochemical seed elements such 4-hydroxy-isoleucine, steroidal sapogenins (diosgenin), and polysaccharide fibre (galactomannan). These ingredients have significant pharmacological and therapeutic properties that may have an effect on both human and animal health. Fenugreek has a lot of potential for introduction in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America in appropriate agroclimatic zones. Trigonella foenum-graecum L, also known as fenugreek, is a multipurpose plant that is grown all over the world for its culinary, forage, medicinal, and dye properties. The first fenugreek biotechnological study was carried out in 1945, and the results discussed the effects of the triazole-type fungicide diniconazole on fenugreek cell suspension cultures. Using 10 RAPD and ISSR primers, a single paper from India presented the molecular characterisation of fenugreek, revealing interspecific polymorphism.

The traditional agriculture was soil and climate driven farming systems that encompasses the animal husbandry. It provided socio-economic, food and nutrient security with the healthy food. Those were the “Golden Days” in the history of farming. It was an environment-friendly system and was highly successful and sustainable form of agriculture. No pollution, no worry about seeds and fertilizer adulteration as they used good grain as seed and compost of farmyard manure and green manure as fertilizer. This system of agriculture is clouded by the chemical inputs-GM seeds agricultural technologies after 1960s. Under this system of agriculture around 30% of what is produced is going as waste and thus the inputs used to produce that is going as waste. This is a most ineffective system of agriculture practice. Seed adulteration, fertilizer adulteration, food adulteration, water pollution, etc. are growing with the time along with government’s incentives/subsidies. Farm sizes are coming down and still around 60% of the cultivated area is at the mercy of “Rain God”. To achieve food security, we need sustainable agriculture system under variable soil and climate conditions wherein the soil is static and the climate is dynamic. Climate is beyond human control and thus needs to adapt to it. Climate is always changing through the natural cycles. What we are experiencing now is part of this system only. Traditionally farmers adapted to this based on their hundreds of years of experiences. The two main climatic parameters that play vital role in agriculture are temperature and precipitation. Temperature presents high seasonal and annual variations. Agriculture is adapted to such variations in temperatures. Since, around the last two decades groups are polluting agriculture research under the disguise of global warming, a component of climate change. However, it is insignificant to influence agriculture. Moisture is the limiting factor for crop growth in tropical warm regions wherein most of the developing countries are located. Moisture availability varies with space and time in association with the natural variability in rainfall and snowfall that forms the principal component of the climate change. Droughts and floods are part of it.  That is moisture availability varies with country to country, region to region within the country and station to station within a region based on the general circulation patterns in association with the climate systems. In such scenarios, studies based on the truncated data sets lead to misleading inferences. These are discussed with reference to India, Andhra Pradesh and Kurnool rainfall data series. Annual rainfall at all-India level follows the 60-year cycle and at Andhra Pradesh level 132 year cycle. Water availability in Godavari River [northwest Indian rivers] and Krishna River follows these patterns, respectively. For Kurnool the growing period follows the southwest monsoon rainfall pattern of 56-years cycle with drought in 45% of years – 30% and 70% of the years during above and below the average periods. Western Ghats played the major role here.

The productive and reproductive performances of growing and laying chickens are affected by the genetic background of the birds, the environment where they are exposed and the interaction effects of genotype by the environment. Among many environmental factors, the study concentrates on the effect of day length, light intensity, color and source of light on growth, egg production, reproductive performance, and quality of eggs. Light levels (intensity or illuminance), colors, the duration of light (photoperiod) and the source of light are essential factors in poultry production. Intensity influences cannibalism, and aggression, along with feed and water intake, while the photoperiod influences reproductive and egg production cycles, total feed intake, and growth rate. Even though thesekinds of information are very important in the poultry business, the availability in Ethiopia is very limited. Hence the objectives of this review study are to provide evidence-based information related to these parameters to poultry value chain actors and increase their profitability and resilience to external shocks. The result of this review study revealed that photoperiod does have its own effects on the growth, reproductive performance of pullets and egg-laying percentage. During the growth phase of the chicks, light hours start at 24 hrs during the first week and decrease to nine hours per day at the age of six weeks and remain flat till the age of 17 weeks. However, exposing birds to higher photoperiods beyond 17 hours per day after 17 weeks will result in prolapse of the reproductive tract, smaller egg size, diminished lifetime egg output, encourage birds for cannibalism, and increased overall costs of production by extra lighting.During the laying phase,increasing the photoperiod (artificial lighting by 2-4 hrs) beyond the natural day length on laying hens indicated that, it can increase egg production by 20-30%. If the producer wants early egg production, a high total egg number, and moderate egg weight, he should use the quick step-down/step-up light arrangements.Light hours can be reduced by 15-30 minutes per week during the growth phase till they reach a constant day length. In a step-up lighting program, similarly, the day length of birds should be increased by 15-30 minutes per week till they reach 16 hours per day. Similarly, light color does have it’s own effect on the performance of birds. Birds exposed to red and white color lights do produce more eggs as compared to their counterparts exposed to blue and green lights. On the other hand, broilers exposed to blue light colors gained better body weight as compared to green light. Broilers exposed to red light had increased immunity titer levels as compared to broilers exposed to white, blue, and green light. The response of birds to light intensity indicated that the light intensity should be 30 lux (3 foot-candles) during the first week of age, after which it can be reduced to 5 to 10 lux (0.5 to 1.0 foot-candles) in cages or to 15 lux (1.5 foot-candles) when grown on the floor. The higher light intensity for floor-grown birds will allow the birds enough light to navigate their environment. In cages, there should be 10 lux (1.0-foot candles) at the feeder height, and 5 lux (0.5-foot candles) inside the cage. When the effect of the light source is evaluated, LED lamps are superior in terms of their technical performance, and economics compared to incandescent, and fluorescent lamps even though the initial cost of LED lamps is on the higher side.Light-Emitting Diodes Light bulbs (LEDs) are currently the most efficient source of light since they use 90 percent less energy than standard lighting and last up to 25 times longer. LEDs light up quickly, and they don’t contain any toxic materials that can operate in cold temperatures without flickering. LED lamps did not have any negative impact on the production, and egg quality of the laying hens.Therefore, poultry farmers should consider the photoperiod, light color, light intensity and source of light during growing as well as the laying phase of their chickens for the betterment of their businesses.