This study was undertaken to develop a low glycemic index whole wheat bread by incorporated Bengal gram. Two preparation were standardized: one was whole wheat bread incorporated Bengal gram (with husk) and another Bengal gram (without husk). Both the breads were subjected to sensory analysis by 30 untrained panelists and compared to the commercially available white bread. The sensory evaluation revealed that the whole wheat bread by incorporated Bengal gram (without husk) and white bread (purchased from market) were equally acceptable. Whole wheat bread incorporated Bengal gram (without husk) was further analyzed for its proximate composition such as moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber and ash content. The nutritive analysis revealed that this bread has high protein, high fiber and low carbohydrate content than that of white bread. When introduced to subjects for determination its effects on blood glucose profile with reference to white bread, it found to have lower glycemic index value than that of white bread and whole wheat bread.

This study aimed to develop bread biofortified with bean flour, partially replacing wheat flour and characterize nutritionally and quantify phytates and tannins, mineral content and availability; sensory acceptance and purchase intent. The addition of bean flour (BF) to formulations was efficient to increase the contents of proteins, lipids and fiber. There was an increase of phytates in bread with F15% and tannins in all treatments. The addition of bean flour (15%) to bread was effective to increase contents of Fe contents in samples F10-15 and Zn contents in samples F5-15. Regarding dialysis, the fortified bread produced higher Fe and Zn availability compared the control bread. The sensory analysis showed, sample F10 was more accepted by judges in terms of flavor, aroma, texture and overall impression, in addition to showing the greatest purchase intent. Therefore, the production of bread fortified with bean flour is promising, since the chemical properties and sensory evaluation were considered satisfactory.

The objectives of this study were to identify the determinants of the adoption of Nasir variety and to examine the effect of its adoption on gross annual household income. A cross sectional study was carried out on Kucha Woreda in three sample kebeles with total sample size of 164 respondents selected via systematic random sampling principle. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Descriptive and inferential analyses were employed. The binary logit result revealed that, household labor availability, farming experience, total farm size of households, use of credit and contact with development agents per month had positively and significantly affect the adoption of Nasir variety at 1% significance level. Attended on training last year had positively and significantly affect adoption of Nasir variety at 5% level. The ordinary least square model result revealed that, adoption of Nasir variety has a positive and significant effect on household annual gross income at1% level (p<1%). As household adopt Nasir variety, the gross household income increased by Birr 4,139.7 by keeping other things constant. A year increase in age of the household head decrease the annual gross income of the households by Birr 96.1 at 1% significance level by keeping other things kept constant. A one grade increase of schooling, being credit user, and attend training increases the household annual gross income of sample respondents by a factor of birr 1536.492, 1828.203 and 1749.294 at 1% significance level respectively. A unit increase of labor force in man equivalent and livestock number in TLU increases gross annual household income of sample respondents by birr 382.905 and 563.139 at 5% significance level respectively. The findings suggest that the government and stakeholders should need to focus on wide distribution of Nasir variety.

In Ethiopia, agriculture is the primary determinant of economic growth and reducing level of food insecurity. But in the country in general and study area in particular, agriculture is dominated by small-scale rain-fed production. As a result, the current yield level by rural smallholder farmers in the study area has not been able to fulfill the minimum food requirements. To this end, this research aims to identify determinants of SSI use and its effect on household food security status in Mirab Abaya District, Southern Ethiopia. Multistage sampling technique and Kothari formula was employed to identify the final sample respondents; accordingly the final sample size was 168(38.7% irrigation users and 61.3% non-users). Both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources were collected through interview schedule. Descriptive, inferential statistics and binary logistic model were used to analyze the collected data. The finding of the study revealed that sex, education, household labor size, cultivable land size, frequency of extension contact, training and credit use had significant positive influence whereas farm distance from water source had significant negative influence on SSI use. Out of the total sample households, 72(42.9%) were food secure and 96(57.1%) were food insecure. The study result also reported, SSI had significant and positive influence on HFSS at 1% level. Therefore, it is important to address factors affecting SSI use includes sex, education level, household labor size, cultivable land size, farm distance from water sources, training and also priority should be given to SSI development in planning and executing of policies and programs by all stakeholders.

The main water resources in Libya are the scarce and erratic rainfall and the fossil ground water that resides in four major aquifers. Raising and falling demand is stressing supply and coastal aquifers suffering invasion of sea water. Besides, the environmental problems encountered in Libya are the running down of ground water because of overuse mainly in agricultural developments. Agricultural performance in Libya is facing a deficiency of research in policy, its impact and consequence to the development of agriculture. The availability of water in sufficient quantity and adequate quality is a communal matter of high priority and global environmental challenge. In depth analysis of studies recognized during the desk survey conducted for awareness raising, sustainable agriculture and irrigation practiced system in relation to water and energy nexus in Libya detected that irrigation system practiced in Libya (surface irrigation, sprinkler and drip) and its related infrastructures interacted with three environmental elements (water, soil and air), resulting direct environmental impact through (emission, pollution, salinisation and alkalinisation). Another impact arises by interaction with riparian ecosystem and regional areas affecting hosting or threatening biodiversity, recycling nutrients, and mitigating wadi runoff). Awareness raising as organized communication activities should aim to create awareness on topics, behavioral change among the general population and to improve the focus on better outcomes. Promoting awareness among communities shall develop agriculture knowledge-based toward managing water and energy for the sake of sustainability.