Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affect the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular disease of the brain, kidney and peripheral arterial disease (Valentin, 2010). The present study was conducted on selected Old aged subjects by purposive random sampling to find the role of Dietary Interposition in their daily life. The demographic details, medical history were collected by the researcher by a validated questionnaire. The dietary intake was taken using 24hr recall method. The dietary intake is responsible for the development of metabolic disorders so the effect of Hypo caloric diet of 1300-1500kcals was given to the subjects. The diet was just adjusted to their daily eating pattern. The results showed the decrease in overall Lipid levels in the subjects and also weight reduction of 3-4kgs was also achieved in three months. The dietary counseling and behaviour modifications were also advised to the subjects.

The nutritional and anti- nutritional characteristics of the seeds of C. album and C. quinoa were investigated using standard analytical methods. The results indicate that the seeds of both C. album and C. quinoa were an excellent source of protein, lipids, sugar, minerals and vitamins. The phytochemical screening of the seeds show the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, anthraquionones, flavonoids, gycosides, phytosterol, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. On the other hand, various antinutrients like flavonoids, saponins, phytic acid, phenols and tannins were also present in appreciable amounts. The ethanolic seed extracts of C. quinoa were better antioxidants in comparison to C. album. Thus, the present analysis indicates that seeds of Chenopodium album have high nutritional value and as this crop is freely available and thrown as weed, it may be used as cereal without any cost and hence help in removing food scarcity, if used wisely. Therefore, it is recommended for future commercial cultivation and consumption.

The present study was conducted to prepare a Food product in form of Papads with leaves and flowers of Moringa oleifera. The papads weight was 33 gms after the whole processing was carried out. The papads were rich in Vitamin A, Antioxidants and Iron as shown in many studies as well. The papads were prepared by at first drying the leaves and flowers (70:30) in a food dehydrator. After the powder of the leaves was obtained, it was mixed with roasted suji. Suji was roasted without oil on a medium flame. The dried powder and suji was mixed and boiled water was added to the same. Then batter was thin and was spread on polyethene sheets. The papads were sundried and then ready to bake or fry. The sensory evaluation was carried out by twenty panel of experts. Sample D was best scored by the panelists for the various parameters such as taste, color, texture, firmness and crispiness.

A 16 weeks study was carried out to examine the feed intakes, live weights and blood constituents of eighteen growing West African dwarf (WAD) goats maintained on diets varying in Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLLM) contents. There were three dietary treatments (Diet 1 (0% LLLM), Diet 2 (7.5% LLLM) and Diet 3 (10.0% LLLM)) each treatment was allocated equal number of animals (n = 6). The haematological constituents examined were blood proteins (total protein, albumin and globulin), blood ions (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and blood chemistry (Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT)). Goats on Diet 3 had significantly (p<0.05) higher body weights, blood protein and globulin contents than their counterparts on other Diets. However, blood albumin content of goats on Diet 1 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of their counterparts on other Diets. Except Cl- in wk 6, Cl-, Na+ and K+ contents were significantly higher on LLLM free diet than values recorded on other diets. Except for ALT and AST in wk 6 LLLM diets had significantly higher values for ALT and AST than LLLM free diet. Increase in LLLM constituent of diet favoured increase in live weight and blood protein content but it decreased blood albumin content of the growing WAD goats.

Corn pericarp and peanut hull (lingo cellulosic materials) which are food industry by-products were used as substrates in this study. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatments at 0%, 2.5% and 5% were used for the removal of lignin. Simultaneous Saccharification-Fermentation (SSF) and Separate Hydrolysis-Fermentation (SHF) were conducted using Aspergillus niger (strain 201201) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain 26603). Aspergillus niger was added on day 1 to all samples with inoculation treatments of S. cerevisiae at one day intervals (A = Day 1, B = Day 2, C = Day 3 and D = Day 4). Pretreatment with 2.5% H2O2 was more beneficial in the removal of lignin for both substrates. Corn pericarp yielded an ethanol concentration of 22.2g/L in C and 21.78g/L in D of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment. Peanut hull with 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment in D yielded a higher concentration at 10.38g/L compared to other inoculation treatments. The highest ethanol yields on a percentage basis for corn pericarp was 45.04% in C of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment and 24.6% in D of 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment for peanut hull.

The mineral compositions of the 3 edible fruits were Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng, Mukia maderspantana (L.) M. Roem and Psidium guajava (L.) of ripe and unripe stages were investigated. The five major minerals are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. Zinc and iron are trace elements. Among all the minerals, Mukia Maderspantana ripe fruits is rich in sodium (164.28 ± 0.02 mg/100g) whereas magnesium content is more in unripe fruits of Mukia maderspantana (255.6 ± 0.78mg/100g). Calcium (326.5 ± 0.55mg/100g) and phosphorous (462.5 ± 0.35mg/100g) were found large quantity in Murraya koenigii unripe fruits. Mukia Maderspantana ripe (512.17 ± 0. 12mg/100g) and unripe fruits (511.76 ± 0.65mg/100g) contain the highest amount of potassium. Murraya koenigii unripe fruits contain more amount of iron (12.2 ± 0.24mg/100g).

Sorghum spent grain (SSG) commonly called Dussa collected locally from bear (burukutu) production center was divided into three portions to evaluate the effect of stacking on the blood profile of broiler chickens. First portion was sundried fresh to obtain fresh SSG (FSSG), second portion was sundried after stacking for 48 hours to obtain STK48 and the third portion was sundried after stacking for 72 hours to obtain STK72. 140 one-day-old Arbor Acre strain of broilers were used to evaluate the effect of feeding the differently processed sorghum spent grain (SSG) on growth performance and blood biochemistry. Each diet consists of two levels (i.e. 15 and 30% inclusion levels). Seven experimental diets were formulated and the birds were randomly assigned to the seven dietary treatments. The treatments were replicated four times with five birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment in a 3x2 factorial arrangement. Except monocytes the other haematological parameters were not significant (P>0.05) affected while serum cholesterol, urea and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the processing methods. 15% inclusion levels of SSG had the highest final weigh gain and there was no significant (P>0.05) effect on serum enzymes measured except AST. It could be concluded that fresh SSG at 15% inclusion holds good potential for broiler chicken production and fresh SSG should not be kept for more than 48 hours for better utilization and to maintain the normal physiological status of broiler chicken.

A lot of product development endeavors have been undertaken to enhance the nutritional status of an existing product and in this study the aim is development of Nutritious chikki. Chikki is a very common edible product prepared in Indian households. It is prepared using number of nutritious ingredients. The following study is aimed to develop chikki using some unconventional ingredients and further making it iron rich by incorporating Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica cass) at various levels viz., 2.5 grams, 5 grams, 10 grams and 15 grams. Niger seeds are also called as nigella seeds and are an extremely rich source of Iron which is 56.7 g/100 g. The developed product also contains other nutritious ingredients like flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, watermelon seeds, sunflower seeds, chia seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds and jaggery. The four prepared samples were presented for sensory evaluation and the results were statistically analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Sample A, with 2.5 grams of incorporation was found to be the most acceptable product having an iron content of 6.28mg/100g, which can fulfill around 30% of the daily iron requirement of a normal adult female. Since consumption of Iron rich foods is one of the important strategy to combat Iron deficiency anemia, this study will prove to be beneficial.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a public health concern that exists among children in developing countries, and in certain communities of some developed countries mainly resulting from poor nutritional intake, bad hygiene practices and frequent infections. The risk factor for Protein energy malnutrition are multifaceted including low birth weight, inadequate breast milk, delayed complementary feeding, primarily energy deficiency ,Infection and infestation and ignorance and poor socio economic status. It is an important indicator of the health and development of nations, therefore it is extremely important to contain it with adequate preventive and curative measures. These measures could vary from clinical management of individual cases to implementation of public health measures such as food fortification, dietary diversification, mass anti-parasite prophylaxis, food supplementation, and health education. The measures should be adapted to the situation in individual countries. This paper briefly explains the challenges in addressing PEM, role of pharmaceutical products and epidemiological approaches in dealing PEM.

The study determined the effects of feeding differently processed Parkia biglobosa seed meals (PBSM) in broiler diets on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices and liver histological changes of broiler chickens. P. biglobosa seeds were subjected to three processing methods namely; (1) lye treated, (2) cooked for 1 hour at 100οC and (3) fermented for 5 days. Five experimental diets were formulated: diet T1 0% PBSM served as the control while diets in T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 100% replacement of soybean for raw, cooked, lye treated and fermented PBSM, respectively. A total of 195 one-day-old Marshal broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 5 dietary treatments of 3 replicates with 39 birds per treatment in a completely randomized design. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that starter broilers fed fermented PBSM and those fed control diet had similar final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ration FCR. Finisher broilers fed fermented and cooked PBSM diets had improved (P<0.0001) FBW, ADG and FCR (P<0.0009) relative to those fed raw and lye treated PBSM. Raw and lye treated PBSM caused serious adverse histological alterations in the liver. Broiler chickens fed raw PBSM diet had higher (P<0.001) serum uric acid concentration and elevated (P<0.003) serum alanine aminotransferase than those fed processed PBSM diets. In conclusion, feeding cooked and fermented PBSM enhanced broiler performance. However, mild histological alterations were observed in the liver of broilers fed cooked and fermented PBSM.